Status	Stage
New Updated	Protocol Review

• Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Active mind-body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Acupuncture for chronic asthma
• Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma
• Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma
• Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma
• Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists in adults with acute asthma
• Addition of intravenous beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists to inhaled beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for acute asthma
• Addition of long-acting beta-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children
• Addition of long-acting beta2 agonists or long-acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma with medium dose ICS: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
• Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children
• Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma
• Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma
• Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis
• Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Alexander technique for chronic asthma
• Ambulatory and short-burst oxygen for interstitial lung disease
• Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest
• Anti-histamines for prolonged non-specific cough in children
• Anti-IL-5 therapies for asthma
• Anti-IL-5 therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Anti-inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children
• Anti-interleukin-13 and anti-interleukin-4 agents versus placebo, anti-interleukin-5 or anti-immunoglobulin-E agents, for people with asthma
• Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children
• Antibiotics for chronic pulmonary infection in children with a neurodisability (neurodevelopmental disorder)
• Antibiotics for exacerbations of asthma
• Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children
• Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children
• Anticholinergic agents for chronic asthma in adults
• Anticholinergic bronchodilators versus beta2-sympathomimetic agents for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years
• Anticholinergic therapy for acute asthma in children
• Anticholinergic therapy for bronchiectasis
• Anticholinergic therapy for chronic asthma in children over two years of age
• Anticholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children
• Anticoagulation therapy versus placebo for pulmonary hypertension
• Antifibrotic therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Asthma education for school staff
• Azathioprine as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
• Azoles for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma
• Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Beclomethasone at different doses for chronic asthma
• Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth
• Beclomethasone versus budesonide for chronic asthma
• Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma
• Beta-agonists for exercise-induced asthma
• Biologics for chronic severe asthma: a network meta-analysis
• Biomarkers to guide antibiotic therapy for COPD exacerbations
• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma
• Breathing exercises for children with asthma
• Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in adults
• Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children
• Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults
• Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
• Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction procedures for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma
• Budesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in children and adults
• Caffeine for asthma
• Calcium channel blockers for pulmonary arterial hypertension
• Calorie controlled diet for chronic asthma
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease
• Caseworker-assigned discharge plans to prevent hospital readmission for acute exacerbations in children with chronic respiratory illness
• Chloroquine as a steroid sparing agent for asthma
• Chronic non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Ciclesonide versus other inhaled steroids for chronic asthma in children and adults
• Ciclesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Clinical pathways for chronic cough in children
• Clinical utility of limited channel sleep studies versus polysomnography for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Codeine versus placebo for chronic cough in children
• Cognitive behavioural approaches for managing dyspnoea in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for adults and adolescents with asthma
• Colchicine as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
• Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma
• Combination fluticasone and salmeterol versus fixed dose combination budesonide and formoterol for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Combination formoterol and inhaled steroid versus beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist as relief medication for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis
• Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Combined aclidinium bromide and long-acting beta2-agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
• Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma
• Commercial versus home-made spacers in delivering bronchodilator therapy for acute therapy in children
• Computer and mobile technology interventions for self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Continuous positive airway pressure delivery interfaces for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
• Continuous versus intermittent antibiotics for bronchiectasis
• Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists for acute asthma
• Corticosteroids for acute severe asthma in hospitalised patients
• Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma
• Corticosteroids for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma
• Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis
• Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults
• Culture-specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma
• Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease
• Cyclosporin as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent in stable asthma
• Dapsone as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
• Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma
• Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children
• Dietary sodium manipulation and asthma
• Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma
• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma
• Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Domiciliary oxygen for interstitial lung disease
• Doppler trans-thoracic echocardiography for detection of pulmonary hypertension in adults
• Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Drug therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
• Dual antibiotics for bronchiectasis
• Dual combination therapy versus long-acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and network meta-analysis
• Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids
• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma
• Education interventions for adults who attend the emergency room for acute asthma
• Educational interventions for asthma in children
• Educational interventions for health professionals managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care
• Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
• Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying doses of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with asthma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
• Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep-disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
• Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension
• Exercise training for bronchiectasis
• Exercise-based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension
• Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for adults with asthma
• Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for children with asthma
• Factors influencing referral to and uptake and attendance of pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative evidence synthesis of the experiences of service users, their families, and healthcare providers
• Family therapy for asthma in children
• Feather versus non-feather bedding for asthma
• Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Fluticasone versus 'extrafine' HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Fluticasone versus placebo for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Formoterol versus short-acting beta-agonists as relief medication for adults and children with asthma
• Galactomannan detection for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
• Galactomannan detection in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
• Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults
• Gold as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent in stable asthma
• Guanylate cyclase stimulators for pulmonary hypertension
• Head-to-head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Head-to-head trials of antibiotics for bronchiectasis
• Health psychology interventions to improve adherence to maintenance therapies in asthma
• Heliox for non-intubated acute asthma patients
• Heliox for treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Herbal interventions for chronic asthma in adults and children
• High dose versus low dose inhaled corticosteroid as initial starting dose for asthma in adults and children
• Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma
• Holding chambers versus nebulisers for inhaled steroids in chronic asthma
• Home care by outreach nursing for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Home telemonitoring and remote feedback between clinic visits for asthma
• Home-based educational interventions for children with asthma
• Homeopathy for chronic asthma
• Honey and lozenges for children with non-specific cough
• Hospital at home for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• House dust mite control measures for asthma
• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis
• Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children
• Indacaterol, a once-daily beta-agonist, versus twice-daily beta-agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Indigenous healthcare worker involvement for Indigenous adults and children with asthma
• Individual-level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with long-term respiratory conditions
• Indoor air modification interventions for prolonged non-specific cough in children
• Influenza vaccine for children and adults with bronchiectasis
• Influenza vaccine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta-agonists versus short-acting beta2-agonists alone for children with acute asthma in hospital
• Inhaled beta2-agonists for asthma in mechanically ventilated patients
• Inhaled beta2-agonists for non-specific chronic cough in children
• Inhaled corticosteroid effects on bone metabolism in asthma and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Inhaled corticosteroids compared to placebo for prevention of exercise induced bronchoconstriction
• Inhaled corticosteroids for bronchiectasis
• Inhaled corticosteroids for non-specific chronic cough in children
• Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults
• Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute cough in children
• Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19
• Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose-response effects on growth
• Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices on growth
• Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth
• Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo  for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Inhaled corticosteroids versus sodium cromoglycate in children and adults with asthma
• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Inhaled cromones for prolonged non-specific cough in children
• Inhaled hyperosmolar agents for bronchiectasis
• Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma
• Inhaled non-steroid anti-inflammatories for children and adults with bronchiectasis
• Inhaled short acting beta2-agonist use in chronic asthma: regular versus as needed treatment
• Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists versus ipratropium for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Inhaled sodium cromoglycate for asthma in children
• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge
• Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood
• Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events
• Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events
• Inhaled versus oral steroids for adults with chronic asthma
• Injection allergen immunotherapy for asthma
• Inspiratory muscle training for asthma
• Inspiratory muscle training, with or without concomitant pulmonary rehabilitation, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults
• Intermittent prophylactic antibiotics for bronchiectasis
• Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults
• Interventions for autumn exacerbations of asthma in children
• Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
• Interventions for educating children who are at risk of asthma-related emergency department attendance
• Interventions for enhancing adherence to treatment in adults with bronchiectasis
• Interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
• Interventions for primary (intrinsic) tracheomalacia in children
• Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interventions for sexual dysfunction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma
• Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interventions to improve inhaler technique for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Interventions to improve inhaler technique for people with asthma
• Interventions to promote referral, uptake and adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Intra-pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema
• Intramuscular versus oral corticosteroids to reduce relapses following discharge from the emergency department for acute asthma
• Intranasal corticosteroids for asthma control in people with coexisting asthma and rhinitis
• Intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy for treating patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and lung disease
• Intravenous aminophylline for acute severe asthma in children over two years receiving inhaled bronchodilators
• Intravenous beta2-agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department
• Intravenous beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists versus intravenous aminophylline for acute asthma
• Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department
• Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating children with acute asthma in the emergency department
• Ionisers for chronic asthma
• Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Ketamine for management of acute exacerbations of asthma in children
• Ketotifen alone or as additional medication for long-term control of asthma and wheeze in children
• Lay-led and peer support interventions for adolescents with asthma
• Leukotriene receptor antagonist for prolonged non-specific cough in children
• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children
• Leukotriene receptor antagonists for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
• Leukotriene receptor antagonists in addition to usual care for acute asthma in adults and children
• Lifestyle modification for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Limited (information only) patient education programs for adults with asthma
• Long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Long-acting beta-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Long-acting beta2-agonists as an inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agent for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Long-acting beta2-agonists for bronchiectasis
• Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic asthma in adults and children where background therapy contains varied or no inhaled corticosteroid
• Long-acting beta2-agonists for poorly reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Long-acting beta2-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma
• Long-acting inhaled therapy (beta-agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta-analysis
• Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma
• Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma
• Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for adults with asthma
• Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for adults with asthma
• Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema
• Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis
• Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma
• Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department
• Manual therapy for asthma
• Mast-cell stabilising agents to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Methotrexate as a steroid sparing agent for asthma in adults
• Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Methylxanthines for prolonged non-specific cough in children
• Mono and multifaceted inhalant and/or food allergen reduction interventions for preventing asthma in children at high risk of developing asthma
• Monosodium glutamate avoidance for chronic asthma in adults and children
• Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Mucolytics for bronchiectasis
• Mucolytics for children with chronic suppurative lung disease
• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Nebulised morphine for severe interstitial lung disease
• Nedocromil sodium for chronic asthma in children
• Nedocromil sodium for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Nedocromil sodium versus sodium cromoglycate for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Non-invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea
• Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for acute asthma in children
• Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults
• Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma
• Non-invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Non-pharmaceutical management of respiratory morbidity in children with severe global developmental delay
• Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention of hospitalisations in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: component network meta-analysis
• Non-steroid agents for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Nurse versus physician-led care for the management of asthma
• Nurse-led versus doctor-led care for bronchiectasis
• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children
• Once daily long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Once-daily LABA/ICS combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Once-daily long-acting beta₂-agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Options for self-management education for adults with asthma
• Oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Oral corticosteroids for bronchiectasis (stable and acute exacerbations)
• Oral corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Oral methylxanthines for bronchiectasis
• Oral non steroid anti-inflammatories for children and adults with bronchiectasis
• Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Oral versus inhaled antibiotics for bronchiectasis
• Oral xanthine derivatives (theophylline and doxofylline) for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Oral xanthines as maintenance treatment for asthma in children
• Oxatomide for stable asthma in adults and children
• Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
• Oxygen therapy during exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Oxygen therapy in the pre-hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Parent-initiated oral corticosteroid therapy for intermittent wheezing illnesses in children
• Patient- and parent-initiated oral steroids for asthma exacerbations
• Personalised asthma action plans for adults with asthma
• Pet allergen control measures for allergic asthma in children and adults
• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux in adults and children with asthma
• Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults
• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension
• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension
• Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Physical training for asthma
• Physical training for bronchiectasis
• Pneumococcal vaccine for asthma
• Pneumococcal vaccines for children and adults with bronchiectasis
• Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Positive expiratory pressure therapy versus other airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis
• Pressure modification or humidification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
• Pressurised metered dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhaler devices to deliver beta-2 agonist bronchodilators for non-acute asthma
• Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Primary care based clinics for asthma
• Prognosis of adults with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis without treatment or without effective therapies
• Prolonged antibiotics for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children and adults
• Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Prophylactic antibiotics for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis
• Prostacyclin for pulmonary arterial hypertension
• Prostacyclin for pulmonary hypertension in adults
• Proton pump inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Psychological interventions for adults with asthma
• Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents
• Psychological interventions for children with asthma
• Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease
• Pulmonary rehabilitation using minimal equipment for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for adults with asthma
• Pulse oximeters to self monitor oxygen saturation levels as part of a personalised asthma action plan for people with asthma
• Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
• Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
• Regular treatment with formoterol versus regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
• Regular treatment with long acting beta agonists versus daily regular treatment with short acting beta agonists in adults and children with stable asthma
• Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
• Remote versus face-to-face check-ups for asthma
• Respiratory muscle training for obstructive sleep apnoea
• Restriction of oral intake of water for aspiration lung disease in children
• Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
• Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
• School-based self-management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods systematic review
• Selenium supplementation for asthma
• Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma
• Self-management for bronchiectasis
• Self-management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Self-management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Shared decision-making for people with asthma
• Short acting beta2-agonists for bronchiectasis
• Short acting beta2-agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under two years of age
• Short courses of antibiotics for children and adults with bronchiectasis
• Short-acting beta2-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Short-term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Singing for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Singing for children and adults with bronchiectasis
• Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma
• Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Speech and language therapy for management of chronic cough
• Speleotherapy for asthma
• Statins for asthma
• Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Stepping down the dose of inhaled corticosteroids for adults with asthma
• Stopping long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
• Stopping long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for children with asthma well controlled on LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
• Subcutaneous omalizumab for people with asthma
• Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma
• Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
• Surgery versus non-surgical treatment for bronchiectasis
• Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under
• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Tailored interventions based on exhaled nitric oxide versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults
• Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults
• Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one other long-term condition: a mixed methods review
• Tartrazine exclusion for allergic asthma
• Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Telehealthcare for asthma
• Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
• The effect of adding inhaled corticosteroids to tiotropium and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea for chronic cough in children
• Troleandomycin as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent in stable asthma
• Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Upper limb exercise training for COPD
• Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma
• Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate for asthma
• Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Vitamin D for the management of asthma
• Vitamin D for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant or breastfeeding women or young children for preventing asthma
• Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Water-based exercise for adults with asthma
• Water-based exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Weight loss intervention through lifestyle modification or pharmacotherapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
• Weight loss interventions for chronic asthma
• Written action plans for asthma in children
• Written emotional disclosure for asthma
• Yoga for asthma
• Chronic disease management for asthma
• Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy
• Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children
• Tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy versus no surgery for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children
• Workplace interventions to deal with occupational asthma

• Allergic rhinitis (1)
  • Intranasal corticosteroids for asthma control in people with coexisting asthma and rhinitis
• Alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency (1)
  • Intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy for treating patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and lung disease
• Aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary (3)
  • Azoles for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma
  • Galactomannan detection for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
  • Galactomannan detection in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
• Asthma, acute - pharmacotherapy (47)
  • Anti-bacterial agents (1)
    • Antibiotics for exacerbations of asthma
  • Anticholinergics (5)
    • Anticholinergic therapy for acute asthma in children
    • Inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta-agonists versus short-acting beta2-agonists alone for children with acute asthma in hospital
    • Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma
    • Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
    • Interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
  • Epinephrine (1)
    • Interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
  • Leukotriene antagonists (1)
    • Leukotriene receptor antagonists in addition to usual care for acute asthma in adults and children
  • Beta-agonists (13)
    • Addition of intravenous beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists to inhaled beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for acute asthma
    • Inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta-agonists versus short-acting beta2-agonists alone for children with acute asthma in hospital
    • Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma
    • Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
    • Commercial versus home-made spacers in delivering bronchodilator therapy for acute therapy in children
    • Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists for acute asthma
    • Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists in adults with acute asthma
    • Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma
    • Inhaled beta2-agonists for asthma in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
    • Intravenous aminophylline for acute severe asthma in children over two years receiving inhaled bronchodilators
    • Intravenous beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists versus intravenous aminophylline for acute asthma
    • Intravenous beta2-agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department
  • Inhaler devices and delivery therapy (5)
    • Commercial versus home-made spacers in delivering bronchodilator therapy for acute therapy in children
    • Heliox for non-intubated acute asthma patients
    • Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma
    • Inhaled beta2-agonists for asthma in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Interventions to improve inhaler technique for people with asthma
  • Magnesium sulfate (5)
    • Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department
    • Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating children with acute asthma in the emergency department
    • Interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
    • Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma
    • Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department
  • Other bronchodilators (2)
    • Interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
    • Ketamine for management of acute exacerbations of asthma in children
  • Steroids, inhaled (4)
    • Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma
    • Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge
    • Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma
  • Steroids, oral and systemic (7)
    • Corticosteroids for acute severe asthma in hospitalised patients
    • Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma
    • Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma
    • Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma
    • Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids
    • Intramuscular versus oral corticosteroids to reduce relapses following discharge from the emergency department for acute asthma
    • Patient- and parent-initiated oral steroids for asthma exacerbations
  • Xanthines (3)
    • Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists in adults with acute asthma
    • Intravenous aminophylline for acute severe asthma in children over two years receiving inhaled bronchodilators
    • Intravenous beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists versus intravenous aminophylline for acute asthma
• Asthma, acute - non-pharmacotherapy (8)
  • Delivery of care (0)
  • Monitoring (2)
    • Pulse oximeters to self monitor oxygen saturation levels as part of a personalised asthma action plan for people with asthma
    • Personalised asthma action plans for adults with asthma
  • Ventilation (3)
    • Interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
    • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for acute asthma in children
    • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma
  • Education (3)
    • Asthma education for school staff
    • Education interventions for adults who attend the emergency room for acute asthma
    • Interventions for educating children who are at risk of asthma-related emergency department attendance
• Asthma, chronic - pharmacotherapy (173)
  • Adverse effects of treatment (6)
    • Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Regular treatment with formoterol versus regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
  • Anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal (1)
    • Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma
  • Antibodies, monoclonal (4)
    • Anti-interleukin-13 and anti-interleukin-4 agents versus placebo, anti-interleukin-5 or anti-immunoglobulin-E agents, for people with asthma
    • Anti-IL-5 therapies for asthma
    • Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children
    • Subcutaneous omalizumab for people with asthma
  • Beta-agonists, long-acting (29)
    • Addition of long-acting beta-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children
    • Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma
    • Combination fluticasone and salmeterol versus fixed dose combination budesonide and formoterol for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma
    • Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma
    • Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Combination formoterol and inhaled steroid versus beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist as relief medication for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Formoterol versus short-acting beta-agonists as relief medication for adults and children with asthma
    • Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists as an inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agent for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic asthma in adults and children where background therapy contains varied or no inhaled corticosteroid
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma
    • Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
    • Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
    • Addition of long-acting beta2 agonists or long-acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma with medium dose ICS: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Regular treatment with formoterol versus regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Regular treatment with long acting beta agonists versus daily regular treatment with short acting beta agonists in adults and children with stable asthma
    • Stopping long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for children with asthma well controlled on LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children
    • Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate for asthma
    • Stopping long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
    • Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying doses of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with asthma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  • Beta-agonists, short-acting (8)
    • Beta-agonists for exercise-induced asthma
    • Leukotriene receptor antagonists in addition to usual care for acute asthma in adults and children
    • Combination formoterol and inhaled steroid versus beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist as relief medication for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Formoterol versus short-acting beta-agonists as relief medication for adults and children with asthma
    • Inhaled short acting beta2-agonist use in chronic asthma: regular versus as needed treatment
    • Pressurised metered dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhaler devices to deliver beta-2 agonist bronchodilators for non-acute asthma
    • Regular treatment with long acting beta agonists versus daily regular treatment with short acting beta agonists in adults and children with stable asthma
    • Short acting beta2-agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under two years of age
  • Management in pregnancy (1)
    • Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy
  • Muscarinic antagonists (5)
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for adults with asthma
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for adults with asthma
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma
    • Addition of long-acting beta2 agonists or long-acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma with medium dose ICS: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  • Other (1)
    • Mast-cell stabilising agents to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
  • Phosphodiesterases (0)
  • Statins (1)
    • Statins for asthma
  • Steroids, inhaled (51)
    • Addition of long-acting beta-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children
    • Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Beclomethasone at different doses for chronic asthma
    • Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma
    • Budesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in children and adults
    • Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults
    • Ciclesonide versus other inhaled steroids for chronic asthma in children and adults
    • Ciclesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma
    • Combination fluticasone and salmeterol versus fixed dose combination budesonide and formoterol for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth
    • Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for adults with asthma
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma
    • Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose-response effects on growth
    • Fluticasone at different doses for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Fluticasone versus placebo for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for adults with asthma
    • Combination formoterol and inhaled steroid versus beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist as relief medication for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • High dose versus low dose inhaled corticosteroid as initial starting dose for asthma in adults and children
    • Holding chambers versus nebulisers for inhaled steroids in chronic asthma
    • Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma
    • Inhaled corticosteroid effects on bone metabolism in asthma and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroids versus sodium cromoglycate in children and adults with asthma
    • Fluticasone versus 'extrafine' HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Inhaled versus oral steroids for adults with chronic asthma
    • Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma
    • Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma
    • Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
    • Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
    • Addition of long-acting beta2 agonists or long-acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma with medium dose ICS: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Stepping down the dose of inhaled corticosteroids for adults with asthma
    • Stopping long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for children with asthma well controlled on LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
    • Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children
    • Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth
    • Beclomethasone versus budesonide for chronic asthma
    • Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate for asthma
    • Stopping long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
    • Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying doses of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with asthma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
    • Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices on growth
  • Steroids, oral (3)
    • Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood
    • Inhaled versus oral steroids for adults with chronic asthma
    • Parent-initiated oral corticosteroid therapy for intermittent wheezing illnesses in children
  • Steroids, intranasal (1)
    • Intranasal corticosteroids for asthma control in people with coexisting asthma and rhinitis
  • Combination and additive therapies (25)
    • Addition of long-acting beta-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children
    • Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma
    • Combination fluticasone and salmeterol versus fixed dose combination budesonide and formoterol for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for adults with asthma
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma
    • Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma
    • Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for adults with asthma
    • Combination formoterol and inhaled steroid versus beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist as relief medication for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma
    • Ketotifen alone or as additional medication for long-term control of asthma and wheeze in children
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
    • Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews
    • Addition of long-acting beta2 agonists or long-acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma with medium dose ICS: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
    • Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events
    • Stopping long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for children with asthma well controlled on LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma
    • Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children
    • Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate for asthma
    • Stopping long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
    • Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying doses of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with asthma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  • Anti-bacterial agents (1)
    • Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma
  • Antihistamines (1)
    • Ketotifen alone or as additional medication for long-term control of asthma and wheeze in children
  • Allergen immunotherapy (2)
    • Injection allergen immunotherapy for asthma
    • Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma
  • Anticholinergics (3)
    • Anticholinergic agents for chronic asthma in adults
    • Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years
    • Anticholinergic therapy for chronic asthma in children over two years of age
  • Cardioselective beta-blockers (1)
    • Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease
  • Cromones (5)
    • Inhaled corticosteroids versus sodium cromoglycate in children and adults with asthma
    • Nedocromil sodium for chronic asthma in children
    • Nedocromil sodium for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
    • Nedocromil sodium versus sodium cromoglycate for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
    • Inhaled sodium cromoglycate for asthma in children
  • Gastro-oesophogeal reflux treatment (1)
    • Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux in adults and children with asthma
  • Histamine antagonists (1)
    • Oxatomide for stable asthma in adults and children
  • Inhaler devices and delivery of therapy (2)
    • Holding chambers versus nebulisers for inhaled steroids in chronic asthma
    • Pressurised metered dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhaler devices to deliver beta-2 agonist bronchodilators for non-acute asthma
  • Leukotriene antagonists (6)
    • Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma
    • Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma
    • Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma
    • Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma
    • Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children
  • Steroid sparing agents (10)
    • Azathioprine as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
    • Chloroquine as a steroid sparing agent for asthma
    • Colchicine as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
    • Cyclosporin as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent in stable asthma
    • Dapsone as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent for asthma
    • Gold as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent in stable asthma
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists as an inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agent for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Methotrexate as a steroid sparing agent for asthma in adults
    • Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children
    • Troleandomycin as an oral corticosteroid sparing agent in stable asthma
  • Vaccines (2)
    • Pneumococcal vaccine for asthma
    • Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma
  • Xanthines (2)
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma
    • Oral xanthines as maintenance treatment for asthma in children
• Asthma, chronic - non-pharmacotherapy (95)
  • Biomarkers (3)
    • Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for children with asthma
    • Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for adults with asthma
    • Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults
  • Complementary therapies (7)
    • Acupuncture for chronic asthma
    • Herbal interventions for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Homeopathy for chronic asthma
    • Ionisers for chronic asthma
    • Manual therapy for asthma
    • Speleotherapy for asthma
    • Yoga for asthma
  • Delivery of care (7)
    • Shared decision-making for people with asthma
    • Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma
    • Chronic disease management for asthma
    • Indigenous healthcare worker involvement for Indigenous adults and children with asthma
    • Nurse versus physician-led care for the management of asthma
    • Primary care based clinics for asthma
    • Lay-led and peer support interventions for adolescents with asthma
  • Diet therapy and nutrition support (14)
    • Calorie controlled diet for chronic asthma
    • Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children
    • Weight loss interventions for chronic asthma
    • Dietary sodium manipulation and asthma
    • Vitamin D for the management of asthma
    • Herbal interventions for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Mono and multifaceted inhalant and/or food allergen reduction interventions for preventing asthma in children at high risk of developing asthma
    • Monosodium glutamate avoidance for chronic asthma in adults and children
    • Selenium supplementation for asthma
    • Tartrazine exclusion for allergic asthma
    • Caffeine for asthma
    • Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
    • Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant or breastfeeding women or young children for preventing asthma
    • Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
  • Disease management and monitoring (26)
    • Remote versus face-to-face check-ups for asthma
    • Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for children with asthma
    • Shared decision-making for people with asthma
    • Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma
    • Chronic disease management for asthma
    • Culture-specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma
    • Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma
    • Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma
    • Weight loss interventions for chronic asthma
    • House dust mite control measures for asthma
    • Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for adults with asthma
    • Feather versus non-feather bedding for asthma
    • Home-based educational interventions for children with asthma
    • Indigenous healthcare worker involvement for Indigenous adults and children with asthma
    • Ionisers for chronic asthma
    • Mono and multifaceted inhalant and/or food allergen reduction interventions for preventing asthma in children at high risk of developing asthma
    • Options for self-management education for adults with asthma
    • Pet allergen control measures for allergic asthma in children and adults
    • Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma
    • Lay-led and peer support interventions for adolescents with asthma
    • Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults
    • Tailored interventions based on exhaled nitric oxide versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults
    • Telehealthcare for asthma
    • Written action plans for asthma in children
    • Home telemonitoring and remote feedback between clinic visits for asthma
    • Personalised asthma action plans for adults with asthma
  • Education (15)
    • School-based self-management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods systematic review
    • Remote versus face-to-face check-ups for asthma
    • Asthma education for school staff
    • Caseworker-assigned discharge plans to prevent hospital readmission for acute exacerbations in children with chronic respiratory illness
    • Culture-specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma
    • Education interventions for adults who attend the emergency room for acute asthma
    • Educational interventions for asthma in children
    • Home-based educational interventions for children with asthma
    • Limited (information only) patient education programs for adults with asthma
    • Options for self-management education for adults with asthma
    • Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma
    • Lay-led and peer support interventions for adolescents with asthma
    • Home telemonitoring and remote feedback between clinic visits for asthma
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for adults with asthma
    • Interventions for educating children who are at risk of asthma-related emergency department attendance
  • Environment exposure reduction (1)
    • Individual-level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with long-term respiratory conditions
  • Invasive therapeutic procedures (1)
    • Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults
  • Management in pregnancy (1)
    • Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy
  • Psychotherapy (7)
    • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for adults and adolescents with asthma
    • Family therapy for asthma in children
    • Health psychology interventions to improve adherence to maintenance therapies in asthma
    • Psychological interventions for adults with asthma
    • Psychological interventions for children with asthma
    • Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents
    • Written emotional disclosure for asthma
  • Physical therapy (11)
    • Alexander technique for chronic asthma
    • Breathing exercises for adults with asthma
    • Breathing exercises for children with asthma
    • Weight loss interventions for chronic asthma
    • Inspiratory muscle training for asthma
    • Water-based exercise for adults with asthma
    • Manual therapy for asthma
    • Physical training for asthma
    • Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for adults with asthma
    • Yoga for asthma
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation (2)
    • Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for adults with asthma
• Asthma, occupational (1)
  • Workplace interventions to deal with occupational asthma
• Asthma, primary prevention (3)
  • Interventions for autumn exacerbations of asthma in children
  • Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma
  • Interventions to improve inhaler technique for people with asthma
• Breathing dysregulation/hyperventilation syndrome (2)
  • Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in adults
  • Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children
• Bronchiectasis (46)
  • Anti inflammatory agents, non-steroidal (3)
    • Inhaled non-steroid anti-inflammatories for children and adults with bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Oral non steroid anti-inflammatories for children and adults with bronchiectasis
  • Anti-bacterial agents (9)
    • Continuous versus intermittent antibiotics for bronchiectasis
    • Dual antibiotics for bronchiectasis
    • Head-to-head trials of antibiotics for bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Intermittent prophylactic antibiotics for bronchiectasis
    • Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis
    • Oral versus inhaled antibiotics for bronchiectasis
    • Prolonged antibiotics for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children and adults
    • Short courses of antibiotics for children and adults with bronchiectasis
  • Anticholinergics (2)
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Anticholinergic therapy for bronchiectasis
  • Beta-agonists (4)
    • Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists for bronchiectasis
    • Short acting beta2-agonists for bronchiectasis
  • Delivery of care (4)
    • Interventions for enhancing adherence to treatment in adults with bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Nurse-led versus doctor-led care for bronchiectasis
    • Self-management for bronchiectasis
  • Environment exposure reduction (1)
    • Individual-level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with long-term respiratory conditions
  • Leukotriene antagonists (2)
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Leukotriene receptor antagonists for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
  • Mucoactive agents (3)
    • Inhaled hyperosmolar agents for bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Mucolytics for bronchiectasis
  • Physical therapy (6)
    • Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis
    • Physical training for bronchiectasis
    • Exercise training for bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Positive expiratory pressure therapy versus other airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis
    • Singing for children and adults with bronchiectasis
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation (1)
    • Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
  • Statins (0)
  • Steroids (4)
    • Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Oral corticosteroids for bronchiectasis (stable and acute exacerbations)
    • Inhaled corticosteroids for bronchiectasis
  • Surgery (2)
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Surgery versus non-surgical treatment for bronchiectasis
  • Vaccines (3)
    • Influenza vaccine for children and adults with bronchiectasis
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Pneumococcal vaccines for children and adults with bronchiectasis
  • Xanthines (2)
    • Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
    • Oral methylxanthines for bronchiectasis
• Bronchoconstriction, exercise-induced (7)
  • Beta-agonists for exercise-induced asthma
  • Inhaled corticosteroids compared to placebo for prevention of exercise induced bronchoconstriction
  • Mast-cell stabilising agents to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
  • Nedocromil sodium for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
  • Nedocromil sodium versus sodium cromoglycate for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
  • Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
  • Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stable - pharmacotherapy (102)
  • Adverse effects of treatments (1)
    • Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Antibodies, monoclonal (1)
    • Anti-IL-5 therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Immunostimulants (1)
    • Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Muscarinic antagonists (18)
    • Combined aclidinium bromide and long-acting beta2-agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once-daily long-acting beta₂-agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once daily long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • The effect of adding inhaled corticosteroids to tiotropium and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting inhaled therapy (beta-agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta-analysis
  • Beta-agonists, long-acting, twice daily (22)
    • Combined aclidinium bromide and long-acting beta2-agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Indacaterol, a once-daily beta-agonist, versus twice-daily beta-agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once-daily long-acting beta₂-agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting beta-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists for poorly reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once-daily LABA/ICS combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • The effect of adding inhaled corticosteroids to tiotropium and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting inhaled therapy (beta-agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta-analysis
    • Dual combination therapy versus long-acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  • Beta-agonists, short-acting (4)
    • Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
    • Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Short-acting beta2-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Beta-agonists, long-acting, once daily (6)
    • Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
    • Indacaterol, a once-daily beta-agonist, versus twice-daily beta-agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once daily long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting inhaled therapy (beta-agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta-analysis
    • Dual combination therapy versus long-acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  • Proton pump inhibitors (1)
    • Proton pump inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Sexual dysfunction (1)
    • Interventions for sexual dysfunction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Statins (1)
    • Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Steroids, inhaled (16)
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroid effects on bone metabolism in asthma and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo  for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once-daily long-acting beta₂-agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once-daily LABA/ICS combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • The effect of adding inhaled corticosteroids to tiotropium and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting inhaled therapy (beta-agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta-analysis
  • Steroids, oral (1)
    • Oral corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Combination and additive therapies (15)
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once-daily long-acting beta₂-agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once daily long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Once-daily LABA/ICS combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • The effect of adding inhaled corticosteroids to tiotropium and long-acting beta<SUB>2</SUB>-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Long-acting inhaled therapy (beta-agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta-analysis
    • Dual combination therapy versus long-acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  • Cardioselective beta-blockers (1)
    • Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Mucolytic agents (1)
    • Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Phosphodiesterases (1)
    • Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Anti-bacterial agents (4)
    • Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Head-to-head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Prophylactic antibiotics for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis
  • Vaccines (2)
    • Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Influenza vaccine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Delivery of inhaled therapy (2)
    • Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
    • Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Xanthines (3)
    • Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Oral xanthine derivatives (theophylline and doxofylline) for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stable - non-pharmacotherapy (63)
  • Advance care planning (0)
  • Complementary therapies (3)
    • Active mind-body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Upper limb exercise training for COPD
    • Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Delivery of care (10)
    • Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one other long-term condition: a mixed methods review
    • Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Home care by outreach nursing for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
    • Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Interventions to promote referral, uptake and adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation using minimal equipment for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Diet therapy and nutritional support (2)
    • Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Vitamin D for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Education and disease management (10)
    • Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Educational interventions for health professionals managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care
    • Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Interventions to improve inhaler technique for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Self-management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Self-management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Computer and mobile technology interventions for self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Environment exposure reduction (1)
    • Individual-level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with long-term respiratory conditions
  • Oxygen therapy and ventilation (7)
    • Non-invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Chronic non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Oxygen therapy during exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
    • Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest
    • Short-term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Palliative care (0)
  • Physical therapy (16)
    • Active mind-body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Inspiratory muscle training, with or without concomitant pulmonary rehabilitation, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Upper limb exercise training for COPD
    • Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Non-invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Interventions to promote referral, uptake and adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Oxygen therapy during exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation using minimal equipment for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Water-based exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Psychotherapy (1)
    • Cognitive behavioural approaches for managing dyspnoea in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation (8)
    • Inspiratory muscle training, with or without concomitant pulmonary rehabilitation, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Factors influencing referral to and uptake and attendance of pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative evidence synthesis of the experiences of service users, their families, and healthcare providers
    • Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
    • Interventions to promote referral, uptake and adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation using minimal equipment for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Sexual dysfunction (1)
    • Interventions for sexual dysfunction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Smoking cessation (2)
    • Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Surgery (2)
    • Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction procedures for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exacerbations (25)
  • Anti-bacterial agents (1)
    • Biomarkers to guide antibiotic therapy for COPD exacerbations
  • Anticholinergics (3)
    • Anticholinergic bronchodilators versus beta2-sympathomimetic agents for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
    • Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists versus ipratropium for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Beta-agonists (4)
    • Anticholinergic bronchodilators versus beta2-sympathomimetic agents for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
    • Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists versus ipratropium for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Biomarkers (1)
    • Biomarkers to guide antibiotic therapy for COPD exacerbations
  • Education and disease management (2)
    • Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Self-management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Magnesium sulfate (1)
    • Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Steroids (2)
    • Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation (2)
    • Interventions to promote referral, uptake and adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Oxygen therapy and ventilation (3)
    • Heliox for treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Oxygen therapy in the pre-hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Delivery of care (2)
    • Hospital at home for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Interventions to promote referral, uptake and adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Other (4)
    • Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Singing for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Cough, chronic (18)
  • Anti-bacterial agents (2)
    • Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children
    • Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children
  • Anticholinergics (1)
    • Anticholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children
  • Antihistamines (1)
    • Anti-histamines for prolonged non-specific cough in children
  • Beta-agonists (1)
    • Inhaled beta2-agonists for non-specific chronic cough in children
  • Cromones (1)
    • Inhaled cromones for prolonged non-specific cough in children
  • Delivery of care (1)
    • Clinical pathways for chronic cough in children
  • Environmental remediation and allergen reduction (1)
    • Indoor air modification interventions for prolonged non-specific cough in children
  • Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment (1)
    • Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults
  • Leukotriene antagonists (1)
    • Leukotriene receptor antagonist for prolonged non-specific cough in children
  • Speech and language therapy (1)
    • Speech and language therapy for management of chronic cough
  • Steroids (3)
    • Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults
    • Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute cough in children
    • Inhaled corticosteroids for non-specific chronic cough in children
  • Topical treatment (2)
    • Codeine versus placebo for chronic cough in children
    • Honey and lozenges for children with non-specific cough
  • Treatment of sleep apnea (1)
    • Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea for chronic cough in children
  • Xanthines (1)
    • Methylxanthines for prolonged non-specific cough in children
• Cough, post-viral (1)
  • Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children
• Cough, subacute (2)
  • Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults
  • Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute cough in children
• Diagnostic test accuracy (1)
  • Galactomannan detection for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
• Hypertension, pulmonary (10)
  • Anticoagulation therapy versus placebo for pulmonary hypertension
  • Calcium channel blockers for pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • Doppler trans-thoracic echocardiography for detection of pulmonary hypertension in adults
  • Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • Exercise-based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension
  • Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension
  • Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension
  • Prostacyclin for pulmonary hypertension in adults
  • Prostacyclin for pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • Guanylate cyclase stimulators for pulmonary hypertension
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (5)
  • Antifibrotic therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Corticosteroids for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
  • Non-steroid agents for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Prognosis of adults with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis without treatment or without effective therapies
• Lung disease, aspiration (1)
  • Restriction of oral intake of water for aspiration lung disease in children
• Lung diseases, interstitial (6)
  • Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease
  • Domiciliary oxygen for interstitial lung disease
  • Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
  • Nebulised morphine for severe interstitial lung disease
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease
  • Ambulatory and short-burst oxygen for interstitial lung disease
• Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (0)
• Pleural diseases (1)
  • Intra-pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema
• Respiratory morbidity associated with long-term conditions (2)
  • Antibiotics for chronic pulmonary infection in children with a neurodisability (neurodevelopmental disorder)
  • Non-pharmaceutical management of respiratory morbidity in children with severe global developmental delay
• Sarcoidosis, pulmonary (2)
  • Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis
  • Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis
• Sleep apnoea, central (2)
  • Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults
  • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults
• Sleep apnoea, obstructive (24)
  • Continuous positive airways pressure (6)
    • Continuous positive airway pressure delivery interfaces for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
    • Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Pressure modification or humidification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Non-invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Diagnosis (1)
    • Clinical utility of limited channel sleep studies versus polysomnography for obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Oral appliance therapy (2)
    • Oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Drug treatment (4)
    • Anti-inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children
    • Drug therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
    • Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep-disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Weight loss intervention through lifestyle modification or pharmacotherapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
  • Lifestyle modification (3)
    • Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Lifestyle modification for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Weight loss intervention through lifestyle modification or pharmacotherapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
  • Physical therapy (4)
    • Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Respiratory muscle training for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Weight loss intervention through lifestyle modification or pharmacotherapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
  • Surgery (4)
    • Oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
    • Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children
    • Tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy versus no surgery for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children
  • Oxygen (0)
• Stridor, post-extubation (1)
  • Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults
• Tracheomalacia (1)
  • Interventions for primary (intrinsic) tracheomalacia in children
• Wheeze (6)
  • Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years
  • Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood
  • Ketotifen alone or as additional medication for long-term control of asthma and wheeze in children
  • Parent-initiated oral corticosteroid therapy for intermittent wheezing illnesses in children
  • Short acting beta2-agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under two years of age
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children